銅和(he)(he)銅基(ji)材料(liao)，不論處于裸露狀態，還是(shi)被包在終產品(pin)里，在產品(pin)壽(shou)命周期的(de)(de)(de)各個(ge)階段都可回(hui)收再生。一(yi)般來(lai)說，用(yong)(yong)于再生的(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)銅中新(xin)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)銅占一(yi)半以上。而全部廢(fei)(fei)(fei)雜(za)銅經再加工后有(you)大約1/3以精(jing)(jing)銅的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式返回(hui)市(shi)場，另2/3以非精(jing)(jing)煉銅或(huo)銅合(he)金的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式重新(xin)使用(yong)(yong)。直接應(ying)用(yong)(yong)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)雜(za)銅的(de)(de)(de)前提是(shi)嚴格的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)類(lei)堆(dui)放及嚴格的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)揀。直接應(ying)用(yong)(yong)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)雜(za)銅具(ju)有(you)簡化工藝、設(she)備簡單、回(hui)收率高、能耗少、成本低、污染(ran)輕等優點。目前，廢(fei)(fei)(fei)棄的(de)(de)(de)電纜和(he)(he)電線是(shi)數量(liang)較多且(qie)回(hui)收利(li)用(yong)(yong)較高的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種舊(jiu)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)銅。相比之(zhi)下，廢(fei)(fei)(fei)棄電器和(he)(he)汽車(che)中的(de)(de)(de)舊(jiu)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)銅回(hui)收利(li)用(yong)(yong)就(jiu)要(yao)低得多，但當前廢(fei)(fei)(fei)銅處理的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究大部分(fen)就(jiu)集中在這些資源中廢(fei)(fei)(fei)銅的(de)(de)(de)回(hui)收利(li)用(yong)(yong)上。

　　直接應(ying)用廢雜(za)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)少(shao)，大體上反(fan)映了(le)一(yi)個的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)再(zai)生水平。相比之(zhi)下，我國(guo)廢雜(za)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)直接使用率較低(di)，每年約為(wei)20萬噸(dun)，僅占廢雜(za)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)總(zong)回收量的(de)(de)(de)(de)30%~40%，并且黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)加工材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)生產多(duo)由鄉鎮(zhen)企業運作，大大降低(di)了(le)經濟效益，并在能耗(hao)、環(huan)保方(fang)面帶來(lai)后患。我國(guo)進口廢雜(za)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)主(zhu)要來(lai)自(zi)美、日、德、俄，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)美國(guo)高居(ju)榜首，而美國(guo)對廢雜(za)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管理又有嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)規定。以美國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)類標準作為(wei)典型加以介紹。美國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)廢雜(za)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)根據純度進行分(fen)類。美國(guo)廢雜(za)金(jin)屬再(zai)生研究所甚至(zhi)把銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)及其(qi)(qi)合金(jin)細分(fen)為(wei)53類。

　　美國(guo)(guo)通(tong)常把(ba)(ba)含Cu量(liang)大于(yu)99%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材叫做1號(hao)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，1號(hao)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)可以直(zhi)接重(zhong)熔和(he)使用(yong)，不要(yao)求進一步加(jia)(jia)工(gong)；把(ba)(ba)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)含量(liang)很低(di)為94.5%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)叫2號(hao)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，這種(zhong)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)雜(za)(za)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在以金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形態使用(yong)之前，通(tong)常一定(ding)(ding)要(yao)重(zhong)熔。其(qi)(qi)它常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)等(deng)級還(huan)包(bao)括(kuo)加(jia)(jia)鉛黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與(yu)低(di)鋅黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、彈殼黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、汽車散熱片、高(gao)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紅色黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)），以及應用(yong)十分(fen)(fen)廣泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)速切削黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，其(qi)(qi)車屑(xie)直(zhi)接再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，以同(tong)成分(fen)(fen)合金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式用(yong)于(yu)重(zhong)新(xin)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)。對制造廠家而言，其(qi)(qi)主要(yao)優點就是大幅度降低(di)凈金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)消耗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成本。廢(fei)(fei)(fei)雜(za)(za)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也用(yong)于(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化學(xue)制品(pin)(pin)，但(dan)不易獲得定(ding)(ding)量(liang)數據。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)目前還(huan)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun),但(dan)隨著我(wo)國(guo)(guo)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)化速度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)快，廢(fei)(fei)(fei)雜(za)(za)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)色金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回收、貿易以及再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)利用(yong)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)所(suo)面(mian)臨(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)經(jing)濟環境已(yi)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)了重(zhong)大變化，不僅廢(fei)(fei)(fei)雜(za)(za)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)色金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)構成變化較大，而且大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)外(wai)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)雜(za)(za)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)色金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)以及各類(lei)可利用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)涌(yong)入國(guo)(guo)內，給我(wo)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)色金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)提(ti)供了豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)料(liao)來源，同(tong)時也對再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)色金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)提(ti)出了新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求。因此(ci)，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)也在加(jia)(jia)緊廢(fei)(fei)(fei)舊金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制定(ding)(ding)工(gong)作。中國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)色金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)協會(hui)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)分(fen)(fen)會(hui)牽頭組(zu)織的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)及銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)件(jian)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)和(he)技術(shu)(shu)條(tiao)件(jian)》已(yi)經(jing)列入技術(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)修(xiu)訂(ding)(ding)計劃中。新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)雜(za)(za)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)色金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)將參照美國(guo)(guo)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)雜(za)(za)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)色金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)和(he)歐(ou)洲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)技術(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，結合我(wo)國(guo)(guo)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)色金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實際情(qing)況(kuang)進行(xing)修(xiu)訂(ding)(ding)，使之更加(jia)(jia)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)利于(yu)企業(ye)(ye)和(he)管(guan)理部門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貫徹實施(shi)。

　　廢鐵廢銅回收再生問題

　　普通性能

　　紫(zi)銅(tong)(tong)是比較純(chun)凈的一(yi)(yi)種銅(tong)(tong)，一(yi)(yi)般(ban)可(ke)近似認為是純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)，導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)都(dou)較好，但(dan)強度、硬度較差一(yi)(yi)些。紫(zi)銅(tong)(tong)具有(you)優良(liang)的導(dao)(dao)熱性(xing)(xing)﹑延(yan)展性(xing)(xing)和耐蝕性(xing)(xing)。紫(zi)銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的微量(liang)雜質對銅(tong)(tong)的導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)、導(dao)(dao)熱性(xing)(xing)能有(you)嚴重影(ying)響(xiang)。其中(zhong)鈦、磷、鐵、硅等(deng)(deng)顯(xian)著降低(di)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率,而(er)鎘、鋅等(deng)(deng)則影(ying)響(xiang)很小。硫、硒(xi)、碲等(deng)(deng)在銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的固溶(rong)度很小,可(ke)與銅(tong)(tong)生成脆性(xing)(xing)化合物,對導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)影(ying)響(xiang)不大(da)，但(dan)能降低(di)加(jia)工(gong)塑性(xing)(xing)。

　　紫(zi)銅(tong)在大氣(qi)、海水和某些非(fei)氧(yang)化性(xing)(xing)酸（鹽(yan)酸、稀(xi)硫酸）、堿、鹽(yan)溶液及多種有(you)機(ji)酸（醋酸、檸檬酸）中，有(you)良(liang)好(hao)(hao)的耐蝕性(xing)(xing)，用于化學工(gong)業。另外，紫(zi)銅(tong)有(you)良(liang)好(hao)(hao)的焊接性(xing)(xing)，可經冷(leng)、熱塑性(xing)(xing)加(jia)工(gong)制成(cheng)各(ge)種半成(cheng)品(pin)和成(cheng)品(pin)。20世紀70年代，紫(zi)銅(tong)的產量超過(guo)了其他(ta)各(ge)類銅(tong)合(he)金(jin)的總產量。

　　物理性能

　　紫(zi)銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)微量(liang)雜質對(dui)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)導電(dian)、導熱性(xing)(xing)能有嚴重影響。其中(zhong)鈦、磷、鐵、硅等顯(xian)著(zhu)降(jiang)低電(dian)導率,而鎘、鋅等則影響很小。氧、硫、硒、碲(di)等在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)固溶度很小,可(ke)與銅(tong)(tong)生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)脆(cui)性(xing)(xing)化(hua)合物,對(dui)導電(dian)性(xing)(xing)影響不大(da)，但能降(jiang)低加(jia)工塑性(xing)(xing)。普通紫(zi)銅(tong)(tong)在(zai)含氫(qing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)一氧化(hua)碳的(de)(de)(de)還原性(xing)(xing)氣(qi)(qi)氛中(zhong)加(jia)熱時(shi)(shi)，氫(qing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)一氧化(hua)碳易與晶界的(de)(de)(de)氧化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(Cu2O)作(zuo)用，產生(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)壓水蒸氣(qi)(qi)或(huo)(huo)(huo)二氧化(hua)碳氣(qi)(qi)體，可(ke)使(shi)銅(tong)(tong)破(po)裂。這(zhe)種現象常稱為(wei)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)“氫(qing)病”。氧對(dui)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)焊接(jie)性(xing)(xing)有害。鉍或(huo)(huo)(huo)鉛(qian)與銅(tong)(tong)生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)低熔點(dian)共(gong)晶，使(shi)銅(tong)(tong)產生(sheng)(sheng)熱脆(cui)；而脆(cui)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)鉍呈(cheng)薄膜狀分布(bu)在(zai)晶界時(shi)(shi)，又(you)使(shi)銅(tong)(tong)產生(sheng)(sheng)冷脆(cui)。磷能顯(xian)著(zhu)降(jiang)低銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)導電(dian)性(xing)(xing),但可(ke)提高(gao)銅(tong)(tong)液的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)動性(xing)(xing),改善焊接(jie)性(xing)(xing)。適(shi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)、碲(di)、硫等能改善可(ke)切削性(xing)(xing)。紫(zi)銅(tong)(tong)退火板材的(de)(de)(de)室(shi)溫抗(kang)拉強度為(wei)22～25公(gong)斤(jin)力/毫(hao)米2,伸長率為(wei)45～50%，布(bu)氏硬度（HB）為(wei)35～45。